A tuberculin skin test survey among Ghanaian school children
Identifieur interne : 000949 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000948; suivant : 000950A tuberculin skin test survey among Ghanaian school children
Auteurs : Kennedy Kwasi Addo [Ghana] ; Susan Van Den Hof [Pays-Bas] ; Gloria Ivy Mensah [Ghana] ; Adukwei Hesse [Ghana] ; Christian Bonsu [Ghana] ; Kwadwo Ansah Koram [Ghana] ; Felix Kwami Afutu [Ghana] ; Frank Adae Bonsu [Ghana]Source :
- BMC Public Health [ 1471-2458 ] ; 2010.
Abstract
Ghana has not conducted a national tuberculin survey or tuberculosis prevalence survey since the establishment of the National Tuberculosis Control Programme. The primary objective of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence of tuberculin skin sensitivity in Ghanaian school children aged 6-10 years in 8 out of 10 regions of Ghana between 2004 and 2006.
Tuberculin survey was conducted in 179 primary schools from 21 districts in 8 regions. Schools were purposively selected so as to reflect the proportion of affluent private and free tuition public schools as well as the proportion of small and large schools.
Of the 24,778 children registered for the survey, 23,600 (95.2%) were tested of which 21,861 (92.6%) were available for reading. The age distribution showed an increase in numbers of children towards older age: 11% of the children were 6 years and 25%, 10 years. Females were 52.5% and males 47.5%. The proportion of girls was higher in all age groups (range 51.4% to 54.0%, p < 0.001). BCG scar was visible in 89.3% of the children. The percentage of children with a BCG scar differed by district and by age. The percentage of children with a BCG scar decreased with increasing age in all districts, reflecting increasing BCG vaccination coverage in Ghana in the last ten years. The risk of tuberculosis infection was low in the northern savannah zones compared to the southern coastal zones. Using a cut-off of 15 mm, the prevalence of infection ranged from 0.0% to 5.4% and the Annual Risks of Tuberculosis Infection 0.0% to 0.6%. There was an increase in the proportion of infected children after the age of 7 years. Children attending low and middle-class schools had a higher risk of infection than children attending upper-class schools.
Tuberculosis infection is still a public health problem in Ghana and to monitor the trend, the survey needs to be repeated at 5 years interval.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-35
PubMed: 20102620
PubMed Central: 2829002
Affiliations:
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last="Addo">Kennedy Kwasi Addo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Legon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Den Hof, Susan" sort="Van Den Hof, Susan" uniqKey="Van Den Hof S" first="Susan" last="Van Den Hof">Susan Van Den Hof</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Research Unit, KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Unit, KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>The Hague</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I4">Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mensah, Gloria Ivy" sort="Mensah, Gloria Ivy" uniqKey="Mensah G" first="Gloria Ivy" last="Mensah">Gloria Ivy Mensah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Legon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hesse, Adukwei" sort="Hesse, Adukwei" uniqKey="Hesse A" first="Adukwei" last="Hesse">Adukwei Hesse</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Korle-Bu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonsu, Christian" sort="Bonsu, Christian" uniqKey="Bonsu C" first="Christian" last="Bonsu">Christian Bonsu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Legon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koram, Kwadwo Ansah" sort="Koram, Kwadwo Ansah" uniqKey="Koram K" first="Kwadwo Ansah" last="Koram">Kwadwo Ansah Koram</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Epidemiology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Epidemiology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Legon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Afutu, Felix Kwami" sort="Afutu, Felix Kwami" uniqKey="Afutu F" first="Felix Kwami" last="Afutu">Felix Kwami Afutu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I6">Epidemiology Unit, National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Korle-Bu, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Epidemiology Unit, National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Korle-Bu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Korle-Bu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonsu, Frank Adae" sort="Bonsu, Frank Adae" uniqKey="Bonsu F" first="Frank Adae" last="Bonsu">Frank Adae Bonsu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I6">Epidemiology Unit, National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Korle-Bu, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Epidemiology Unit, National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Korle-Bu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Korle-Bu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC Public Health</title><idno type="eISSN">1471-2458</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Ghana has not conducted a national tuberculin survey or tuberculosis prevalence survey since the establishment of the National Tuberculosis Control Programme. The primary objective of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence of tuberculin skin sensitivity in Ghanaian school children aged 6-10 years in 8 out of 10 regions of Ghana between 2004 and 2006.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Tuberculin survey was conducted in 179 primary schools from 21 districts in 8 regions. Schools were purposively selected so as to reflect the proportion of affluent private and free tuition public schools as well as the proportion of small and large schools.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Of the 24,778 children registered for the survey, 23,600 (95.2%) were tested of which 21,861 (92.6%) were available for reading. The age distribution showed an increase in numbers of children towards older age: 11% of the children were 6 years and 25%, 10 years. Females were 52.5% and males 47.5%. The proportion of girls was higher in all age groups (range 51.4% to 54.0%, p < 0.001). BCG scar was visible in 89.3% of the children. The percentage of children with a BCG scar differed by district and by age. The percentage of children with a BCG scar decreased with increasing age in all districts, reflecting increasing BCG vaccination coverage in Ghana in the last ten years. The risk of tuberculosis infection was low in the northern savannah zones compared to the southern coastal zones. Using a cut-off of 15 mm, the prevalence of infection ranged from 0.0% to 5.4% and the Annual Risks of Tuberculosis Infection 0.0% to 0.6%. There was an increase in the proportion of infected children after the age of 7 years. Children attending low and middle-class schools had a higher risk of infection than children attending upper-class schools.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Tuberculosis infection is still a public health problem in Ghana and to monitor the trend, the survey needs to be repeated at 5 years interval.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wurapa, Fk" uniqKey="Wurapa F">FK Wurapa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Belcher, Dw" uniqKey="Belcher D">DW Belcher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Agadzi, Vk" uniqKey="Agadzi V">VK Agadzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pobee, Jom" uniqKey="Pobee J">JOM Pobee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ikeme, Ac" uniqKey="Ikeme A">AC Ikeme</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chowdhury, Ga" uniqKey="Chowdhury G">GA Chowdhury</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ten Dam, Hg" uniqKey="Ten Dam H">HG Ten Dam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arnadottir, Th" uniqKey="Arnadottir T">Th Arnadottir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reider, Hl" uniqKey="Reider H">HL Reider</name></author><author><name sortKey="Trebucq, A" uniqKey="Trebucq A">A Trebucq</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waaler, Ht" uniqKey="Waaler H">HT Waaler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Eilers, Ph" uniqKey="Eilers P">PH Eilers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Borgdorff, Mw" uniqKey="Borgdorff M">MW Borgdorff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rieder, Hl" uniqKey="Rieder H">HL Rieder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bosman, Mc" uniqKey="Bosman M">MC Bosman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Swai, Ob" uniqKey="Swai O">OB Swai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kwamanga, Do" uniqKey="Kwamanga D">DO Kwamanga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agwanda, R" uniqKey="Agwanda R">R Agwanda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Idukitta, G" uniqKey="Idukitta G">G Idukitta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Misljenovic, O" uniqKey="Misljenovic O">O Misljenovic</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bleiker, Ma" uniqKey="Bleiker M">MA Bleiker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sutherland, I" uniqKey="Sutherland I">I Sutherland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Styblo, K" uniqKey="Styblo K">K Styblo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ten Dam, Hg" uniqKey="Ten Dam H">HG ten Dam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Misljenovic, O" uniqKey="Misljenovic O">O Misljenovic</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nagelkerke, Njd" uniqKey="Nagelkerke N">NJD Nagelkerke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Borgdorff, Mw" uniqKey="Borgdorff M">MW Borgdorff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Sj" uniqKey="Kim S">SJ Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Styblo, K" uniqKey="Styblo K">K Styblo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cochran, Wg" uniqKey="Cochran W">WG Cochran</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arnadottir, Th" uniqKey="Arnadottir T">Th Arnadottir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soukaseum, H" uniqKey="Soukaseum H">H Soukaseum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vangvichit, P" uniqKey="Vangvichit P">P Vangvichit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bounmala, S" uniqKey="Bounmala S">S Bounmala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vos, E" uniqKey="Vos E">E Vos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Egwage, Sm" uniqKey="Egwage S">SM Egwage</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cobelens, Fg" uniqKey="Cobelens F">FG Cobelens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muwinge, H" uniqKey="Muwinge H">H Muwinge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Verhage, C" uniqKey="Verhage C">C Verhage</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalisvaart, N" uniqKey="Kalisvaart N">N Kalisvaart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Borgdorff, Mw" uniqKey="Borgdorff M">MW Borgdorff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nyboe, J" uniqKey="Nyboe J">J Nyboe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roelsgaard, E" uniqKey="Roelsgaard E">E Roelsgaard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iversen, E" uniqKey="Iversen E">E Iversen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blocher, C" uniqKey="Blocher C">C Blocher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Leth, F" uniqKey="Van 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uniqKey="Bonsu F" first="Frank Adae" last="Bonsu">Frank Adae Bonsu</name><name sortKey="Hesse, Adukwei" sort="Hesse, Adukwei" uniqKey="Hesse A" first="Adukwei" last="Hesse">Adukwei Hesse</name><name sortKey="Koram, Kwadwo Ansah" sort="Koram, Kwadwo Ansah" uniqKey="Koram K" first="Kwadwo Ansah" last="Koram">Kwadwo Ansah Koram</name><name sortKey="Mensah, Gloria Ivy" sort="Mensah, Gloria Ivy" uniqKey="Mensah G" first="Gloria Ivy" last="Mensah">Gloria Ivy Mensah</name></country><country name="Pays-Bas"><noRegion><name sortKey="Van Den Hof, Susan" sort="Van Den Hof, Susan" uniqKey="Van Den Hof S" first="Susan" last="Van Den Hof">Susan Van Den Hof</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Van Den Hof, Susan" sort="Van Den Hof, Susan" uniqKey="Van Den Hof S" first="Susan" last="Van Den Hof">Susan Van Den Hof</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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